The Journal – SJGS E-ISSN: 3115-5812, PRINT ISSN: 3034-551X Sokoto Journal of Geographical Studies (SJGS) is a double blind peer reviewed journal that is being published in June annually, by the Department of Geography Sokoto State University, Sokoto-Nigeria. The Journal provides a platform for researchers and academicians around the world in order to promote healthy intellectual discourse concerning research, preservation and dissemination of academic knowledge. The journal adopts a multidisciplinary approach to scholarship in all areas of Geographical Studies.
RAINFALL VARIABILITY AND TREND ANALYSIS IN OYO STATE, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA (1984–2024)
Rainfall variability remains a major source of climate uncertainty in tropical regions, particularly in southwestern Nigeria where livelihoods, agriculture, and water resources are highly dependent on seasonal rainfall. This study investigates rainfall variability, temporal trends, and climate uncertainty in Oyo State, southwestern Nigeria, over a 41-year period (1984–2024). The research utilizes high-resolution ERA5-Land reanalysis rainfall data obtained from the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and processed within Google Earth Engine. Analytical techniques include descriptive statistics, coefficient of variation (CV), skewness and kurtosis analysis, and non-parametric trend detection using the Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator. Results reveal pronounced inter-annual variability in rainfall, with values ranging from 486 mm to 1,498 mm. Descriptive statistics indicate moderate variability (CV = 0.2) and a negatively skewed distribution (skewness = −1.2), suggesting a higher frequency of wetter-than-average conditions interspersed with occasional extreme dry events. Trend analysis shows a statistically significant downward trend in annual rainfall (Z = −3.29, p < 0.01), with Sen’s slope indicating a decline of approximately 8.29 mm per year (≈82.9 mm per decade). This reflects a persistent long-term reduction in rainfall over the study period. Spatial temporal analysis further highlights a shift from relatively stable and wetter conditions in the 1980s–1990s to increasingly variable and drier conditions in recent years, particularly after 2015. The findings highlight the unpredictable nature of rainfall and climate uncertainty in Oyo State, with important implications for agriculture, water resource management, and climate adaptation planning.
ERA5-Land; Oyo State; Rainfall variability; Spatio-temporal analysis; Trend analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sokoto Journal of Geographical Studies
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF LANDUSE CHANGE ON FLOOD RISK AREAS OF LEKKI AND AJAH OF LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
Floods remain a persistent challenge to the environment in Lagos state, especially in highly urbanized areas like Lekki and Ajah, where there have been tremendous changes in land use that have affected natural drainage patterns and land surfaces. Although there are numerous cases of floods in the area, there is not much local evidence on the effects of changing land use on household experiences with flooding. This research evaluates the effects of changes in land use on flood areas in Lekki/Ajah Corridor from 2015 to 2025. The research was guided by two objectives, namely, to explore the changes in land use and land cover using GIS techniques, and the effects of these changes on household experiences of flooding. This study adopted a descriptive and analytical research design. This study's setting included the Lekki/Ajah corridor in Eti-Osa Local Government Area, whose population exceeds 1.5 million due to urbanization in recent times. A total of 400 copies of questionnaire was distributed using stratified random sampling, and 360 questionnaires were valid. Data were collected using Landsat 8 & Sentinel 2 satellite images, questionnaires, and secondary spatial data. Land use and change detection analysis were carried out in ArcGIS and QGIS software. These findings show that there has been considerable expansion in the amount of built-up areas, with a decrease in the vegetative and wetland coverage. Majority of respondents had encountered yearly flooding, extended durations of floods, damages to properties, and occasional evacuation. The study concluded that rapid landuse change especially the expansion in the use of land for various economic activities, such as converting vegetation and wetlands into built-up areas, has increased the occurrence of floods in the study area. The study suggests improved landuse planning, enforcement of laws towards the protection of areas that are environmentally sensitive.
Flooding, Landuse Change, Lekki/Ajah, Urbanisation,
EVALUATION OF THE PUBLIC’S PERCEPTION ON THE FACTORS INFLUENCING URBAN EXPANSION IN BAUCHI METROPOLIS, BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA
Uncontrolled urban expansion has become a major challenge in many developing cities, with significant implications for sustainable land use and environmental management. Despite the increasing rate of urban growth in Bauchi Metropolis, there is limited empirical understanding of the factors driving this expansion and the associated environmental and socio-economic consequences as perceived by residents. This study examined public perceptions of the factors driving urban expansion and its associated impacts in Bauchi Metropolis, Bauchi State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed, with the sample size determined using Yamane's formula and respondents proportionally allocated across wards using Boyle's method. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics technique. The findings revealed that respondents perceived population growth (97.7%), urbanization (95.1%), economic development (92.5%), land availability (94.0%), and government policies (89.1%) as the principal factors driving urban expansion in the metropolis. Furthermore, respondents identified several significant consequences associated with urban expansion, including alterations in land use (95.1%), habitat loss (91.7%), and an increase in impervious surfaces (81.2%). These findings suggest that urban expansion is reshaping both the physical environment and land-use patterns within Bauchi Metropolis. The study recommends the implementation of effective urban planning policies and regulatory frameworks at all levels of government to promote sustainable urban growth and mitigate the adverse effects of uncontrolled expansion.
Public perception, Urban expansion, key drivers, Bauchi metropolis.
SOCIO – CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF ARTISANAL AND SMALL SCALE MINING ON RICE FARMING COMMUNITIES IN JEMA’A LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE
Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) plays an important role in rural livelihoods by providing employment and income opportunities. However, its rapid expansion generates significant socio – cultural, environmental, and economic challenges in many farming communities. This study assesses the socio – cultural implications of artisanal and small-scale mining on rice farming communities, revealing strong perceptions of its significant impacts. A total of 327 questionnaire was administered to respondents for data collection, and analysed using descriptive statistics including mean scores, percentages and NVivo software. The findings indicate that mining activities have substantially altered social structures (X = 4.89) and increased inequality in access to resources (X = 4.87), suggesting a growing divide within communities. Furthermore, mining has influenced local governance systems (X = 4.70) and posed a threat to traditional ways of life (X = 4.74), highlighting disruptions to cultural norms and leadership patterns. The results also show that mining contributes to shifts in community dynamics (X = 3.83) and a decline in agricultural practices (X = 4.13), as labour and attention are redirected from farming to mining activities. This trend poses risks to rice production and rural livelihoods. Concerns about sustainability (X = 4.13) further emphasise apprehension regarding the long-term environmental and economic viability of mining. Additionally, changes in leadership approaches to agricultural issues (X = 4.12) suggest reduced prioritisation of farming, potentially exacerbating food insecurity. However, the relatively low mean value for community identity and pride (X = 2.22) indicates that respondents were divided or generally disagreed on whether mining negatively affects their sense of identity. It is therefore recommended that agricultural support programmes such as access to credit facilities, improved rice seedlings, farm inputs, and youth empowerment initiatives should be introduced to encourage farmers and young people to return to agriculture and promote sustainable rural livelihoods.
: Sociocultural Implication, Artisanal and Small Scale Mining, Rice Farming Communities, Food Security and Rural Livelihoods.
URBAN ENCROACHMENT ON AGRICULTURAL LAND IN ABEOKUTA NORTH, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA: GEOSPATIAL ASSESSMENT AND RESIDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF LAND USEN CHANGE
Urban encroachment has become a growing concern in developing regions, particularly in fast-urbanizing areas where agricultural land is being lost to residential and industrial development. This study investigates the extent, patterns, and drivers of urban encroachment on agricultural land in Abeokuta North Local Government Area, Ogun State. The objectives include examining the socio-economic characteristics of residents, analyzing land use and land cover changes between 1994 and 2024, assessing the effects of urban encroachment on agriculture, and identifying the major factors driving land conversion in the area. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 75 randomly selected residents. Geospatial analysis using Landsat satellite imagery for the years 1994, 2004, 2014, and 2024 was used to assess land cover changes. Descriptive statistics, one-sample t test, and ANOVA were employed for data analysis using SPSS. Findings reveal that residential land use is dominant (60%), with 72% of respondents noting significant land use change over two decades. Built-up areas increased by 10% between 1994 and 2024, while agricultural land declined to 66% of total area. Urban encroachment was found to significantly reduce agricultural productivity, with 60% confirming reduced farmland and 64% reporting that some farmers had abandoned agriculture. The one-sample t-test (t = 52.299, p < 0.05) confirmed a significant reduction in agricultural land, while ANOVA (F = 248.18, p = 0.000) revealed significant variation in land use patterns. Key drivers identified include population growth, poor planning, housing demand, industrialization, and weak policies. The study concluded that urban encroachment poses a significant threat to agricultural sustainability and food security in Abeokuta North. It recommends the enforcement of land use zoning regulations, farmland conservation policies, public awareness campaigns, and promotion of vertical urban development to ensure balanced urban growth.
Urban Encroachment, Agricultural Land, Land Use Change, Abeokuta North, Geospatial Analysis.
AN APPRAISAL OF HEAVY METALS AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SOIL AT MANTA WATERSHED AND UPLAND IN ABAK, AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA
The analysis of some heavy meals and physicochemical proterties of soil in Manta watershed and Manta upland soils were carried out through a ramdomized feild study. The soil samples were collected at difference locations of Manta land (ML) and Manta watershed (MW) at 0-15cm and 15-30cm respectively, using Uncam AAS Model 939 to analyze for Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn). The physicochemical status of MW shows that the soil texture was sandy loam with a mean sand content varies from 91.80>92.60% while the pH values were recorded at 4.98>4.73, EC 0.06>0.08, OM 3.09>2.49, and TN showed no significant difference between the two locations, while Av. P (10.22>5.42) and Ca, Mg, Na, and K showed low significance. EC changed moderately throughout the sites. The heavy metal concentrations were as follows: ML; iron (Fe) were 33.97 mg/kg (0-15 cm) > 33.84 mg/kg (15-30 cm), lead (Pb) levels were 6.71 > 4.95 mg/kg, copper (Cu) levels are 5.33 > 5.29 mg/kg, and zinc (Zn) levels are 5.46 > 5.36 mg/kg. In contrast, MW; iron (Fe) levels were 32.30 mg/kg (0-15 cm) > 31.47 mg/kg (15-30 cm), lead (Pb) levels are 6.10 > 3.23 mg/kg, copper (Cu) levels are 5.31 > 5.29 mg/kg, and zinc (Zn) levels were 5.21 > 5.00 mg/kg. The MW soil indicate good drainage and low water-holding capacity as well as low nutrient availability and mineral retention, posing no health hazards to grazing animals, humans, or freshwater bodies according to the WHO/FAO recommendation against the soil of ML.
Physiochemical Properties, Heavy Metal Parameters, Manta Watershed.
DIGITAL MARKETPLACE FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN KADUNA: A MULTI-STAKEHOLDER STATISTICAL AND POLICY ANALYSIS
Periodic markets in rural Nigeria are often constrained by poor market access, weak logistics systems, limited price transparency, and excessive intermediary influence, all of which reduce farmer profitability and hinder rural development. In Southern Kaduna, where periodic markets dominate the agricultural economy, the absence of coordinated digital market systems has further intensified these challenges. This study examined the feasibility of a digital marketplace for improving rural agricultural market efficiency in Southern Kaduna using a multi-stakeholder statistical and policy analysis approach. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 107 respondents comprising farmers, buyers, suppliers, distribution partners, community leaders, and regulators selected through a multistage sampling procedure. Descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, and multiple regression techniques were employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that 96.3% of respondents experience market access difficulties, while logistics inefficiency emerged as the most critical determinant of market performance (β = 0.47). The chi-square results further showed statistically significant constraints in market access (χ² = 91.56, p < 0.05), logistics efficiency (χ² = 69.50, p < 0.05), and intermediary influence (χ² = 34.82, p < 0.05). The study also found a high level of mobile device usage among stakeholders, indicating readiness for digital marketplace adoption despite limited smartphone penetration. Anchored on digital platform theory, the study concludes that low-bandwidth digital marketplace systems can improve coordination, reduce transaction costs, enhance price transparency, and strengthen rural market integration. The study recommends the development of inclusive digital platforms alongside investments in rural infrastructure and digital literacy programs.
igital Marketplace, Rural Development, Market Efficiency, Southern Kaduna.
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF RIVER DURA, NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA: IMPLICATION FOR WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND EROSION CONTROL
River Dura watershed lacks comprehensive morphometric characterization, hindering evidence based watershed management and erosion control. This study quantitatively analyzed the morphometric dynamics of River Dura from 1990 to 2020 using GIS techniques, remote sensing data (Landsat TM/ETM+, SRTM DEMs), and field measurements across 30 sampling points. Key linear, areal, and relief parameters including channel width difference, meander belt width, sinuosity index, meander ratio, braid index, and bifurcation ratio were computed to assess hydrological behaviour and erosion susceptibility of the river. Results revealed a spatially heterogeneous pattern characterized by alternating active peaks (e.g., SP6, SP12, SP18, SP24, SP30) and stable troughs (e.g., SP3, SP9, SP15, SP21, SP27). A progressive downstream transition from a relatively straight, confined upper course to a mature, dynamically active meandering lower course was observed, evidenced by increasing sinuosity, meander belt expansion, and channel lengthening. The dendritic drainage network and mean bifurcation ratio of 4.2 indicate overall geomorphic stability with slight structural influence. Braided zones (SP4, SP11, SP17, SP23 and SP29) were identified as sediment-rich areas requiring upstream erosion control. The findings enable a quantitative framework for prioritizing erosion-prone zones, implementing targeted bioengineering interventions in active peaks, preserving stable troughs with minimal interference, and establishing setback zones along migrating meander belts. This study assists policymakers and environmental managers actionable insights for sustainable watershed management and erosion control in the River Dura watershed and similar alluvial river systems in North Central Nigeria.
Watershed Management, GIS, Erosion Control, Sinuosity, North Central Nigeria.
PARTICIPATORY MULTI-CRITERIA FLOOD VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT IN LOKOJA, KOGI STATE
Lokoja has experienced a recurrent devastating flood event since 1994, causing deaths, displacement, and billions in damages amid climate change and urban growth. Traditional top-down vulnerability assessments often neglect local insights, limiting effective mitigation and adaptation efforts. This study employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) within a participatory multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework that integrates stakeholder inputs with physical attributes (elevation, population density, land use, drainage density, rainfall, slope, road density, and proximity to rivers) to develop a flood vulnerability map of communities in Lokoja, Kogi State. The AHP weighted criteria results revealed order of importance of flood vulnerability as proximity to waterbodies (0.25) > elevation (0.20) > rainfall = (0.15) = Drainage = 0.15) > land used land cover change (0.12) > Road Density (0.07) > (Slope = 0.03) = (Population = 0.03). The reclassified results revealed a low-vulnerability area of 1,164.24 km², a moderate-vulnerability area of 1,462.76 km², and a high-vulnerability area of 534.05 km², based on multi-criteria evaluation. Spatially, the vulnerability map highlights west-to-east disparities, with high-risk zones concentrated near riverine areas. This finding implies that areas near the river are highly vulnerable to flooding. The participatory MCA has demonstrated its capacity to enhance vulnerability mapping, thereby supporting decision-making aimed at reducing long-term vulnerability and livelihood disruption.
Analytic Hierarchy Process, Multi-criteria Decision Analysis, Flooding, Vulnerability, Participatory.
ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL VARIABILITY IN OSOGBO, OSUN STATE USING REMOTE SENSED DATA FROM 1993 TO 2023
This study investigated rainfall variability in Osogbo, Nigeria, over a 31-year period (1993-2023) using CHIRPS remote sensing data. The research analyzed patterns and fluctuations in annual, seasonal, and monthly rainfall across 20 locations within the study area. Utilizing geospatial tools and statistical techniques, the study revealed notable differences in rainfall distribution both over time and between locations. Results showed that 2019 recorded the highest annual rainfall, while 2021 experienced the lowest, highlighting significant inter-annual variability. Seasonal rainfall patterns remained relatively stable, though certain years exhibited marked deviations. Monthly analysis identified September as the most variable month in terms of rainfall, while December had the lowest values of rainfall. Spatial analysis further showed that the following areas: GRA, Oke Oniti, and Osun River received higher amount of rainfall, compared to Boripe and Conference Hall experienced lower values. These findings underscore the complex and dynamic nature of Osogbo’s rainfall regime.
Rainfall, Variability, Remote Sensing, Climate Change and Season.
RUSLE-BASED GEOSPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION FOR CONSERVATION PLANNING AT THE NATIONAL ROOT CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE (NRCRI), UMUDIKE, NIGERIA
Soil erosion poses a significant threat to agricultural sustainability in the humid tropical zone. This study employs the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing to quantitatively assess soil erosion rates and identify critical risk areas within the National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike. Key factors, rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), topography (LS), cover-management (C), and support practices (P), were derived from field data, laboratory analysis, satellite imagery (Sentinel-2), and a 30m SRTM DEM, respectively. Results revealed substantial spatial variation in annual soil loss, with rates increasing significantly on steep slopes under intensive root-crop cultivation and minimal cover. Sensitivity analysis identified the topographic (LS) and cover-management (C) factors as the dominant drivers, collectively explaining 70-80% of the variation in erosion. The study maps out high-priority erosion hotspots and provides a foundational, spatially explicit evidence base for targeted conservation planning. Recommendations from the study include prioritizing terracing and contour farming on steep slopes, enhancing vegetative cover through improved crop management practices, and establishing a monitoring framework using the developed RUSLE-GIS model.
RUSLE, Geospatial Analysis, GIS/Remote Sensing, Conservation Planning, Soil Erosion and Nigeria.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOIL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN BICHI AND GAYA FARMS, KANO STATE, NIGERIA
The degradation of soil fertility is a significant challenge to agricultural productivity in northern Nigeria. This research conducts a comparative analysis of the physical and chemical properties of soils in Bichi and Gaya locations to evaluate their viability for cultivation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Composite soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from Bichi and Gaya and analyzed using standardized laboratory techniques for parameters, including texture, BD, pH, EC, OC, OM, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, calcium, magnesium, EB, and CEC. The results determined that both soils are classified as loamy sand, but Bichi exhibited a higher BD (1.66 g/cm3) compared to Gaya (1.46 g/cm3), reflecting compaction. The soils were found to be slightly acidic (pH: Bichi 6.72; Gaya 6.37) and non-saline (EC ˂ 0.05 ds/m) with respective EC values of 0.04 ds/m for Bichi and 0.01 ds/m for Gaya. Both OC and OM levels were low, particularly in Gaya, with Bichi showing values of 0.54 % OC and 0.94% OM and Gaya showing values of 0.34% OC and 0.58% OM. Nitrogen levels were critically low in both areas (≤ 0.05 mg/kg), measuring 0.05 mg/kg in Bichi and 0.04 mg/kg in Gaya, whereas phosphorus was found to be higher in Gaya (13.91 mg/kg) compared to Bichi (7.48 mg/kg). EB and CEC values were also low, with Bichi recording slightly elevated CEC (3.5 cmol/kg) as compared to Gaya (3.05 cmol/kg). Both locations soils are loamy sand with low OC, nitrogen, and CEC, limiting fertility. Bichi’s higher BD and pH favor root growth, while Gaya’s higher phosphorus and calcium may enhance nutrient availability. Soil amendments are needed for sustainable cultivation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sokoto Journal of Geographical Studies
AGROECOLOGY AND SOIL SECURITY FOR SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION IN THE KANO REGION
Agroecology, with its focus on restoring ecosystem services and promoting sustainable agricultural practices, is crucial for achieving soil security and ultimate food security. Thus, soil fertility decline and climatic uncertainties are becoming serious hindrances to achieve soil and food security goals. This paper aimed to assess the spatial distribution and concentration of some soil chemical properties in the various agroecological zones of Kano region with a view to understanding how it influences soil security in the respective zones of the region. Cluster sampling method was adopted and 109 samples were collected using composite techniques. Inverse distance weighted (IDW) overlay technique was also employed in the GIS environment to display the spatial distribution of the properties considered. The findings revealed that, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, ECEC, organic carbon/matter and soil reactions in the studied agroecologies were generally low. These low concentrations might be the reason for low crops yield and subsequent food security in the region. However, the degree of the concentrations was observed to be more severe in the Sahelian (Babura) and Sudano-Sahelian (Dambatta) agroecological zone of the region making it more fragile and vulnerable to soils security challenges than the Sudan (Wudil), Northern Guinea (Tudun Wada) and Southern Guinea (Maraku-Doguwa) zones. These have been attributed to soil moisture availability, sandy or clay distribution, inherent geological condition and poor farming practices adopted by smallholder farmers in the respective zones. Soil organic amendment applications as well as adoption of smart management practices compatible to the prevailing conditions are desirable for improve soil health, soil security and sustainable agricultural production in the different agroecologies in the Kano region.
ACCESS AND UTILIZATION OF HEALTHCARE SERVICES IN WUSHISHI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
This study examined the access to and utilization of healthcare services in the Wushishi Local Government Area of Niger State. The need for this study arises from the observed decline in vital health indicators across the state. Data were collected from both the primary and secondary sources. Primary data were gathered through questionnaires and focus group discussions (FGDs), whereas secondary data were obtained from the Niger State Ministry of Health and the National Population Commission. The Sabon Gari (urban) and Maito (rural) wards were purposively selected for this study. Four hundred questionnaires were distributed, and two FGDs were conducted separately with male and female participants in each ward, using availability sampling. The findings revealed that all four types of healthcare providers-traditional, religious, modern public, and modern private-were present and accepted by residents. However, traditional and religious healthcare services are more accessible and affordable, making them the first choice for many, particularly chronic, orthopedic, and mental health conditions. By contrast, modern public and private healthcare facilities are mostly used for surgical procedures, communicable diseases, maternity care, and common illnesses. Modern private facilities are preferred because of their better quality of care, prompt service, easy access to healthcare personnel, and treatment before-payment options, unlike the modern public sector, which faces numerous service delivery challenges. The study recommends that the government improve healthcare infrastructure by providing modern medical equipment, employing adequate healthcare personnel, ensuring affordable treatment, reducing patient wait times, and operating healthcare facilities 24h daily to improve accessibility and service delivery in both urban and rural communities.
Access, Healthcare Service Providers, Healthcare Services and Utilization.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PATTERNS AND LEVELS OF PHYSICAL FORMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN NIGERIA
Domestic violence remains a pervasive social issue in Nigeria, affecting individuals across socio-economic and cultural boundaries. This study assesses the patterns and levels of domestic violence in Nigeria, exploring its various forms, underlying factors, and societal implications. In other words, domestic violence does not know any kind of barrier, be it age, sex, race, culture, tribe, religion, geographical location, etc. The study mainly exploited secondary data source obtained from the National Population Commission (National Demographic and Health Survey, NDHS 2018 Report) to analyze the pattern and levels of domestic violence in Nigeria. The study revealed that the aforementioned socio-demographic and economic factors inter-alia have the strongest impact on physical violence; age -experience of domestic violence according to age shows that the age group 30-39 experiences the highest rate of domestic violence (31.9%), and the least is the age group 40-49 (28.2%); marital status – the divorced/separated/widowed (48.8%), followed by never married (36.0%); according to residence, urban (32.3%), rural (29.9%); according to geopolitical zone, highest, South-south (46.4%), lowest, Northwest (11.7%); among the states of Northwest, highest, Kaduna (28.7%), lowest, Jigawa (4.4%); according to religion, domestic violence is reported highest among the Catholic (38.4%) and other Christians (41.5%) than among other religious faiths, Islam (21.9%) and Traditionalist (34.9%). The paper recommended enlightenment programmes to be targeted most especially to couples and other family members.
THE ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION IN AGRICULTURAL DISTRIBUTION CHAIN IN SOUTH-WEST, NIGERIA
Food security remains a critical global challenge, particularly in developing nations where agricultural productivity, transportation infrastructure, and distribution systems are often inadequate. This study focuses on the role of transportation in the agricultural distribution chain in South-Western Nigeria. The aim of the study is to identify the bottlenecks in the agricultural distribution and propose sustainable solutions to enhance efficient food distribution in South-West region. Three of the six (6) states that constitute the South-West, Nigeria were selected for the study (Oyo, Osun, and Ekiti States). Four Hundred (400) structured questionnaires were administered based on the Taro Yamen’s formula. 389 of the returned questionnaires were adjudged suitable for the study. The data obtained was analyzed using both the descriptive and Inferential Statistics. The findings show that youth (30.8%) between the ages of 36-45 are actively involved in the agricultural chain. This reveals that the agricultural chain is income generating, and providing employment for the teeming population of the region. The study concludes by recommending the rehabilitation of rural roads, provision of infrastructure, introduction of appropriate digital platforms to enable farmers’ access markets more effectively, and elaborate stakeholder engagement at all levels as some of the measures of dissemination of information, to strengthen the agricultural chain in South-West, Nigeria.
TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN BENIN METROPOLIS, EDO STATE, NIGERIA
Across the world, as the urban population grows, most cities are overwhelmed with more traffic challenges. The challenge of urban traffic congestion has become an incessant experience in urban spaces, especially in developing countries such as Nigeria. This research examines the impact of traffic congestion on the environment in the Benin metropolis. The research objectives are to ascertain the condition and state of traffic congestion within the Central Business District (CBD) of the metropolis. The research employed the use of a questionnaire survey as an instrument to elicit information from 385 adult respondents around the Central Business District. Given the assessment of CBD characteristics, the research reveals that the district is manned with diverse traffic regulatory mechanisms aimed at managing traffic congestion. The standardized beta coefficient of regression analysis showed that traffic congestion is impacted significantly by walkway trading, air pollution, and pedestrians’ traffic, resulting in serious environmental challenges. The research captured a total of 73 traffic light locations, of which 59 were observed within the core zone, while the remaining 14 were discovered to be in the intermediate zone with no traffic light at the outer zone of the metropolis. The Kendall coefficient of concordance (W) ascertained the extent to which the environment is impacted resulting from traffic congestion. The output result shows crime, poor traffic flow, and poor environmental conditions to be serious environmental challenges within the district. This research recommends that, on the aspect of traffic congestion mitigation strategy, expansion of roads, building of overhead bridge, and fixing bad roads were considered as major options in reducing the traffic congestion impact on the environment across the Central Business District.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF ARTISANAL MINING TO LIVELIHOOD ENHANCEMENT IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
Artisanal mining is one of the sources of livelihood which employ lots of people in the rural communities of the world. This study assesses the contributions of artisanal mining to livelihood enhancement in Kaduna State, Nigeria. A mixed-methods approach was used, which includes both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. Data for the study was analysed using descriptive statistic like percentage and mean. Result shows that the study had grand mean scores of 4.55 and 4.67 for both mining and non-mining communities respectively, meaning agreed based on the standard for rating likert scale. This indicates that households in the mining communities of Kaduna State benefit from artisanal mining role of job creation, income generation, increase well-being and asset acquisition, reduction in poverty and rural-urban migration and increase empowerment. This has made them to engage in mining of minerals such as tantalite, zircon, Sapphire and tin to earn a living without considering the detrimental effects of such activity on their life. It is therefore, recommended that miners should be encouraged to invest using their earnings from artisanal mining such as establishing of provision stores, selling of clothes, mining equipments, building of houses for rent, purchase of motor cycles and vehicles for commercial use to reduce their over reliance on mining of minerals.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF ANNUAL FLOODING ON RESIDENTS OF KOTON KARFE, KOGI STATE
Flooding is a global environmental phenomenon. In Nigeria, its impact is greatly felt during its occurrence. Therefore, the study looked at the effects of annual flooding on residents of Koton Karfe, Kogi State. The objectives of the study include the socio-economic effects of flooding, the health implications, and the resilience strategies employed by residents of Koton-Karfe,Kogi State. A total of three hundred and seventy-Five (375) questionnaires were administered to the respondents out of which 367(97.9%) were completed and returned. The methodology that was adopted for this study was descriptive research method and simple random techniques. Finding of the study shows that (50%) respondents reported that their income was moderately reduced after flooding. Also, majority of the respondents (83%) agreed that flooding heightened exposure to waterborne diseases such as cholera and diarrhea and increased mosquito breeding, which worsened malaria incidence. Furthermore, majority of respondents (69%) reported taking precautionary actions before floods, such as raising household property or storing essential supplies. The study recommends strengthening flood management infrastructure, community based adaptation strategies, enhanced health services and emergency preparedness, strengthening policy and institutional framework among others in other to mitigate against impact of flooding to the residents of Koton-Karfe.Kogi State, Nigeria.
Environmental Phenomena, Flooding, Residents, Resilience, Socio-Economic.
IMPACT OF TAMARINDUS INDICA L. ON SOIL FERTILITY IN SMALLHOLDER AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS OF GUMEL, JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
This study evaluates the impact of Tamarindus indica L. on soil fertility in smallholder agroforestry systems of Gumel, Jigawa State, Nigeria, where semi-arid conditions and sandy soils challenge agricultural productivity. Through systematic sampling across 20 mature trees in five farmlands, we analyzed spatial gradients of soil properties at varying distances from tree trunks (2m, 4m, and 10m controls). Results demonstrated significant soil quality improvements under canopies, with organic matter content doubling (3.2% vs 1.5% control), moisture retention increasing by 14% (14.2% vs 12.1%), and cation exchange capacity enhancing by 52% (1.2 vs 0.79 meq). Bulk density decreased by 9% (1.25 vs 1.38 g/cm³), while total nitrogen was 31% higher (0.17% vs 0.13%). Although ANOVA revealed no significant differences in pH and phosphorus availability (p>0.05), effect sizes (η²=0.18-0.25) confirmed practical benefits for farmers. The findings validate the island of fertility concept while identifying alkaline soil conditions (pH 6.7-7.0) and residue burning practices as limiting factors for phosphorus availability and organic matter accumulation. This research provides empirical evidence for T. indica conservation in agroforestry systems, recommending farmer-led regeneration programs and policy incentives to enhance soil fertility and climate resilience in line with Sustainable Development Goals 2 (Zero Hunger) and 15 (Life on Land). The study bridges critical knowledge gaps regarding tree-soil interactions in Nigeria's Sahelian zone, offering science-based strategies for sustainable land management in semi-arid agroecosystems.
Agroforestry Parklands, Soil Organic Carbon, Nutrient Cycling, Sahelian Zone and Sustainable Agriculture.
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION ON HOUSING CONDITIONS, ENVIRONMENT, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF HOUSEHOLDS IN KADUNA METROPOLIS, NIGERIA
This study is aimed at assessing the effects of residential segregation in Kaduna Metropolis. Residential segregation which is the process where two or more communities that formerly resided either together or separate into different neighbourhoods is an inevitable process in any society and has become part of our urban life. The survey research approach was adopted for the study. A total of 365 copies of the questionnaire were returned and used for analysis which represents 86% of the returned questionnaire. The data collected was analysed using Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The chi-square (χ2), a non-parametric test was employed to examine the effects of residential segregation (independent variable) on housing, quality of the environment, economic and quality of life of respondents (dependent variable) in the study area. The study identified increase in demand for housing, decrease in income, poor access to jobs, concentration of poverty, economic hardship, long travel distances to work and decrease in income of households were the major effects of residential segregation in the study area. Also, the study observed that residential segregation has a significant impact on housing, economic outcomes, quality of life and quality of the environment of respondents in the study area. The study therefore recommends that to reduce the problem of increased housing demand in segregated neighbourhoods, the government and private developers are encouraged to provide affordable low-cost housing schemes for low-income residents.
Residential, Segregation, Neighbourhood, Environment, Socioeconomic and Metropolis.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’ MIGRANTS’ DEPORTATION POLICY: EMERGING TRENDS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN AND DESTINATION
The United States' migrants’ deportation policy reflects a tension between national security enforcement and human rights obligations, leading to unpredictable and inconsistent deportation practices. The study examines the emerging trends in the United States' migrants’ deportation policy and analyze its implications for both the countries of origin and the destination country. A mixed-methods approach, grounded in secondary data sources including policy reports, deportation statistics, news articles and academic articles, was used to perform the analysis. The study highlights that the United States' deportation policy has transitioned from humanitarian protections toward aggressive enforcement frameworks. The deportations have affected over 1.4 million individuals, prompting cooperation and resistance from over 200 countries. The study reveals significant socio-economic consequences in the countries of origin that include decreased remittances, rising unemployment, brain drain, social stigma, and reintegration challenges to deportees and the people at home. However, in the destination country, the consequences they face are: labour shortages, weakened industries, family disruptions, and damage to its global human rights reputation. However, deportations also yield potential benefits, such as skills transfer, entrepreneurial activities among returnees, and strengthened national security and legal enforcement. The deportees face reintegration difficulties ranging from psychological trauma to lack of institutional support, underscoring the need for coordinated transnational strategies. Therefore, deportation policy is not merely a domestic policy tool, but a transnational process requiring humane and development-oriented governance. This study recommends reforms including rights-based enforcement, bilateral agreements, reintegration frameworks, and diaspora engagement. Ultimately, addressing deportation effectively demands a shift from punitive control to inclusive migration diplomacy and socio-economic cooperation.
THE IMPACT OF FUELWOOD HARVESTING ON BIODIVERSITY LOSS: THE IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF BENIN ENVIRONS
The fragile forest ecosystem has suffered serious degradation due to the continuous dependence of man on wood. This study was carried out to examine and evaluate the impacts of fuel wood harvesting activities on biodiversity loss in Benin environs. Images from Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (EMT), and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imagery (OLI) were used. Equally close ended questionnaire was employed. A total of 600 questionnaires were distributed and retrieved as the purposive and snowball sampling method were employed to the 12 communities making up the environs of Benin. The Shannon- wiener diversity index on the average was 1.9 with a nonlinear response to harvesting intensity, indicating high species diversity. In general, fuel wood consumption was an average of 1,452 kg/person/year of tree biomass. However, poorer communities, consume 35,976 kg/person/year. Harvesting is concentrated to a few early successional species with the most common species being Hymenostegia afzelii with recorded 65 (16%), Afzelia Africana 58(14%) Khaya senegalensis had 54(13%) while Alstonia boonei 12 had the least percentage of 2.9%. Fuel wood harvesting which is a profitable business cannot be ignored as a major source of forest degradation and its impact on the environment on the source regions is biodiversity loss and environmental degradation. The study recommended the introduction of fuel-efficient cooking device and afforestation programme as a means of conciliating biodiversity conservation with poverty amelioration is an urgent task.
ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH IN SOKOTO STATE, NIGERIA
Nigeria is one of the countries expected to be most affected by the impact of climate change on health aspect through sea level rise, extreme temperature, changes in precipitations and pattern of wind, flooding, disasters and general health effect that has now becomes a common sight. Changes in climate variability in Nigeria has direct and indirect impact on aspect of human environment, which in turns affected aspect of human health and development of some diseases such as lung diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and water borne diseases among others. the paper aimed at assessing the impact of climate variability and climate change on human health, examining the adaptation strategies as well as major diseases associated with them. A total number of 220 medical and Para-medical staffs were interviewed in Sokoto state using a combination of snowball and purposive sampling techniques concerning the impact of climate change and changes of climate variability on human health. The result shows that the major diseases caused by the climatic change in Nigeria are lung diseases, allergies disorder, eye diseases, respiratory disorder, water borne diseases and skin rashes accounted for 74%. The paper recommended some mitigations and adaptation strategies by Reduction of greenhouse gas emission from burning of fossil fuels, cutting down of tress, bush burning, emissions from transportation and other anthropogenic activities; Plantation of trees to maintain the global circle by removing carbon dioxide (co2) from the atmosphere and store it as plant biomass and produce oxygen for human consumption and Improvement of cultivation methods will increase agricultural efficiency, reduce the loss of natural resources and overcome hunger and malnutrition induced by climate change impact. The paper also recommended the creating of adequate public awareness on climate change and its effects on human health so that individual, group and community will understand and get well prepared, response to any effects induced by climate change and manage it accordingly.
CHALLENGES OF SLUMS DWELLERS IN SOKOTO METROPOLIS: TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE CITY
This study identified challenges of slum dwellers in Sokoto metropolis and also assessed its track towards becoming a sustainable city. The study employed both the quantitative and qualitative method of data collection. One hundred and twenty (120) respondents were surveyed through purposive sampling techniques. Open ended questionnaire was administered to head of household and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) was conducted in each of the six slum areas identified in this study. These include: Gidan Sauro, Gidan Rana, Sagin Lemu, Sabon Garin Mai-kwabo and Mabera (Kantin sani) and Nufawa. The method for data analysis used was simple descriptive statistics using SPSS version 20 and report on FGDs. The responses from the questionnaire were deduced and classified into six major themes: inadequate social amenities and infrastructure, crimes and social vices, congestion and low level of human capital development as well as environmental challenges and indiscriminate dumping of waste. The study therefore concludes that there is inadequacy of basic amenities and infrastructure with very poor environmental condition. The study therefore recommends among other things, that government should embark on massive urban renewal of the study area so as to provide them with basic facilities, utilities and infrastructure.
Slum Dwellers, Sustainable Cities and Sokoto Metropolis.
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF ASABA'S GROWTH ON RURAL COMMUNITIES: RESOURCE ALLOCATION, EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME IMPLICATIONS FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
The study assesses the effects of Asaba's Growth on Rural Communities and how it affects livelihood and employment. The development of Delta State Capital Asaba, pre-supposed improvement in infrastructure and the emergence of various forms of non-farm income sources for inhabitants but very little is known about how the development of Asaba capital of Delta State has affected resource allocation, employment and income generation in the area which need to be investigated. A total of 400 respondents were determined using Taro Yamane formula. Data for this study were generated from personal observation, responses in questionnaire and participant interviews, as well as focus group discussion. Data analysis was done using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Responses from key informants and focus group respondents were transcribed and critically reviewed to sieve out the modal points. Result shows that Participants at the field interviews (focus group discussions and key informants’ interviews) across the twelve communities of the capital territory revealed that indigenes of the area had access to large contiguous farmlands on which they engaged in various agricultural activities. Apparently, land ownership was by inheritance from forebears and allocation by the leaders and elders of the various communities under study. On loss of agricultural farmland on account of Asaba being made capital majority of the respondents (57%), said “No” (Figure 2). This is intriguing given the scale of land takings by various activities. Respondents to the interviews and focus group discussion stated that erosion was beginning to affect their farmland. It was found that there is no significant difference in land allocation and ownership in Delta State capital territory following state creation. It shows that there has been a significant decline in the measure of farmland owned by individuals after Asaba. The increased personal revenues of residents of the communities enabled them to better their living conditions, building better houses and retiring from tedious farm work. Based on findings it was recommended that government should provide support through infrastructural development to enable easy access to far-reached areas of these communities, which can help to encourage farmers in the capital territory to continue with their occupation.
ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF LAND MANAGEMENT DIGITIZATION IN NIGERIA
There is an increasing need for spatial framework reforms to support land administration and management systems in developing countries such as Nigeria. This paper explores the problems and prospects of land management digitization in Nigeria, emphasizing the importance of improved infrastructure, legislative changes and heightened public participation. Using secondary data and case studies, this article presents the current trend in the digitization of land administration in Nigeria by analyzing the challenges and evaluating successful case studies in developed and developing countries. Lessons from Rwanda, India, Sweden, Ghana, Estonia, and Singapore on land management digitization demonstrate the transformative impact of technology, strong political will, and institutional reform. The study further asserts that to achieve best practices in land management systems, sustainable land administration and management are required. The research findings indicate that Nigeria has the potential to establish a transparent, secure and sustainable digital land management system that aligns with international best practices. This can be achieved by implementing the policy recommendations outlined in this paper, which include capacity building, investments in infrastructure, and necessary legal reforms. These reforms have the potential to facilitate transformation and foster collaboration among essential stakeholders in the land management sector, thereby enhancing overall efficiency and productivity.
AN ASSESSMENT OF GLOBAL MIGRATION FLOWS: A CRITICAL REVIEW
Migration is a complex phenomenon that touches economic, social and security aspects affecting our daily lives. It flows are now structural phenomenon that will continue in the next decades in an era of deepening globalization that intertwined with geopolitics, trade and cultural exchange. It is on the above light; this paper examines the level of migration flows, reasons for trends and challenges on both origin and destination. Different empirical literature and documented sources like international and national reports on migration issues were generated, critically synthesized and presented for the purpose of this study. It reveals that there are more international migrants today than ever before and number is certain to increase for the foreseeable future and it will continue to be affecting every country of the world. However, recommendations are made: number of global, regional and national policy tools and guidelines should be clearly developed and stated by the international community and countries by themselves to ensure good migration governance as well as the unreasonable migrants should be check and the reasonable one’s should be properly handled.
SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY AND HIV INCIDENCE IN OHAOZARA, EBONYI STATE, NIGERIA
Despite the extensive interventions and research focused on adolescent pregnancy, there is a notable deficiency in the analysis of the spatial distribution of HIV among adolescent pregnant women in Nigeria. This study seeks to conduct a spatial analysis of adolescent pregnancy and HIV incidence in Ohaozara, Ebonyi State. The data encompassed age records, spatial attributes and HIV status of teenage pregnant women who visited antenatal clinics (ANCs) at primary health care facilities from 2018 to 2022. A total of 3,827 records of teenage mothers were analyzed. Similarly, a total of 692 teenage mothers who attended antenatal care were also sampled on the social-economic consequences of teenage pregnancy. Data were analyzed using prevalence rates, spatial autocorrelation, and hot spot analysis. The annual growth rate of teenage pregnancy was 1%, exhibiting a clustered pattern and prevalence rate of 0% to 39.73%. The hotspot areas of adolescent pregnancy were also identified. There was an estimated decrease of 44.1% in the incidence of HIV among teenage mothers for every quarter of the year. The study recommended that it is essential to educate and motivate parents and teenagers through seminars on the risks associated with adolescent sex.
SPATIAL VARIATIONS OF HOUSING RENTAL VALUES IN BIRNIN KEBBI METROPOLIS, KEBBI STATE
Housing is an essential human need that shapes the well-being of all citizens, hence, accessibility to decent and affordable housing has emerged as one of the most daunting challenges of the contemporary century in many countries. Nigeria is perhaps the fastest urbanizing country in the African continent and one of the fundamental challenges facing the country is provision of affordable housing. This study assessed the spatial variation in housing rental values in Birnin Kebbi metropolis, Nigeria with a view to identifying the socio economic characteristics of tenants in Birnin Kebbi. The study adopted the use of mixed method approach. Data were collected through questionnaire and interview survey from 322 respondents, which were randomly selected from the target population in the study area. The data collected were subjected to analysis using descriptive analysis and inferential statistics with frequency distribution table. Findings revealed that two bedroom apartment was in higher demand within the period of 33years. It demonstrated that houses in low density normally have higher value and vice-versa because of accessibility to and availability of social facilities among others. In addition, housing features positively influenced rental housing value. It was recommended that relevant stakeholders in real estate which include the government, real estate professionals, and property developers should consider the provision of more two-bedroom housing categories. Government should improve vicinity characteristics through facilities upgrade in the low quality areas to ensure high property value in the study area.