ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACTS OF LAND USES CHANGES ON URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING IN BIRNIN KEBBI

Abstract

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect has become a major environmental challenge in rapidly growing 
cities, particularly in tropical and semi-arid regions. This study examines the spatial distribution, intensity, 
and mitigation strategies of the UHI phenomenon in Birnin Kebbi, Northwestern Nigeria. Using a mixed
method approach, the research integrates Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS satellite imagery (2014–2024), GIS-based 
spatial analysis, climatic data, and a survey of 150 residents. Land use/land cover analysis revealed a 
significant increase in built-up areas from 25% (3,750 ha) in 2014 to 55% (8,250 ha) in 2024, 
corresponding with a decline in vegetation from 50% (7,500 ha) to 30% (4,500 ha). Land Surface 
Temperature (LST) values increased from 33.4°C in 2014 to 38.6°C in 2024, with high-density areas such 
as Gesse Phase I, Bayan Kara, and Badariya recording the highest temperatures. The computed Urban 
Heat Island Intensity (UHII) ranged between 3.2°C and 6.1°C across the town. NDVI–LST correlation 
analysis (r = –0.62) confirmed that vegetation significantly reduces surface temperature through 
evapotranspiration and shading.  Findings from questionnaire indicate that 72% of residents perceived 
increasing heat levels, with tree planting and improved ventilation being the most common adaptation 
strategies. The study concludes that rapid urbanization, reduced green cover, and extensive impervious 
surfaces drive UHI intensification in Birnin Kebbi. It recommends urban greening, adoption of cool 
roofing materials, climate-sensitive planning, and public awareness as effective mitigation strategies to 
enhance urban resilience and thermal comfort.